Protocols for flexible channel utilization

ABSTRACT

In some aspects, the disclosure is directed to methods and systems for utilizing protocols to enable two 802.11 devices to exchange their dynamically-changing local channel availability table and form a mutual channel availability table with time, frequency, and transmission rate domains available. This table may be used to make optimum opportunistic use of link resources by adapting packet duration, frequency utilization and transmission rate to channel conditions.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application claims the benefit of and priority as acontinuation to U.S. Nonprovisional patent application Ser. No.15/951,771, entitled “Protocols for Flexible Channel Utilization,” filedApr. 12, 2018; which claims priority to U.S. Provisional PatentApplication No. 62/577,689, entitled “Protocols for Flexible ChannelUtilization,” filed Oct. 26, 2017, the entirety of each of which isincorporated by reference herein.

FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE

This disclosure generally relates to systems and methods for wirelesscommunications. In particular, this disclosure relates to systems andmethods for providing flexible channel utilization.

BACKGROUND OF THE DISCLOSURE

Devices utilizing the IEEE 802.11 standard protocols (sometimes referredto as “802.11 devices” or “WiFi devices”) typically operate onunlicensed spectrum that is shared with other 802.11 devices in what areoften unplanned deployments. The spectrum may also be shared with otherwireless technologies that operate on this unlicensed spectrum and maybe co-located with the 802.11 device, possibly sharing resources such asantennas or radios. For example, the Bluetooth protocol andLicense-Assisted Access (LAA) on handsets may use these resources. Thespectrum may also be shared with higher priority or “preferential” usersof spectrum that 802.11 devices must detect and defer to, such asmilitary or aviation radar systems. The spectrum may also be inundatedwith noise from electromagnetic emissions that may spectrally overlapwith the current 802.11 channel.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The patent or application file contains at least one drawing executed incolor. Copies of this patent or patent application publication withcolor drawing(s) will be provided by the Office upon request and paymentof the necessary fee.

Various objects, aspects, features, and advantages of the disclosurewill become more apparent and better understood by referring to thedetailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanyingdrawings, in which like reference characters identify correspondingelements throughout. In the drawings, like reference numbers generallyindicate identical, functionally similar, and/or structurally similarelements.

FIG. 1A is an illustration depicting an embodiment of an environmentwith several wireless devices or spectrum users;

FIG. 1B is a chart depicting frequency utilization over time by multiplewireless devices or spectrum users in some embodiments;

FIG. 1C is an illustration depicting band availability for the chart ofFIG. 1B;

FIG. 1D is an illustration of an implementation of “vacationannouncements” or unavailability advertisements via power saveannouncements;

FIG. 1E is an illustration of an implementation of “vacationannouncements” or unavailability advertisements via bogus clear to send(CTS) frames;

FIG. 2A is an illustration of local channel availability table (LCAT)updating via management frames, according to one implementation;

FIGS. 2B-2D are illustrations of LCAT updating via control frames,according to some implementations;

FIG. 3A is an illustration of an implementation of headers of an LCATrequest and response protocol;

FIG. 3B is an illustration of a negotiation and data transfer procedurewith per-packet mutual channel availability table (MCAT) utilizing theprotocol of FIG. 3A, according to one implementation;

FIG. 4A is an illustration of an implementation of a unicast MAC frame;

FIG. 4B is an illustration of an implementation of a scrambler seedpreceding a payload;

FIG. 5A is an illustration of a MAC frame format with LCAT signalinginformation embedded in the aggregated control field, according to oneimplementation;

FIG. 5B is an illustration of an LCAT signal format with a per-segmentMCS/nss preference indication, according to one implementation;

FIG. 6A is an illustration of frequency assignment across subbands,according to one implementation;

FIG. 6B is an illustration of channel mapping for multiple users, insome implementations;

FIG. 6C is an illustration of RU242 block signaling and assignmentmodes, according to one implementation.

FIG. 7A illustrates tone shifts that may be utilized to reduce leakageof inner RU242 subbands into outer 20 MHz subchannels, according to oneimplementation;

FIG. 7B illustrates tone shifts that may be utilized to reduce leakageof outer RU242 subbands into inner 20 MHz subchannels, according to oneimplementation;

FIG. 8A is a table of pre-FEC padding values, according to oneimplementation;

FIG. 8B is a flow chart illustrating an implementation of determinationof MCAT parameters;

FIG. 9A is a block diagram depicting an embodiment of a networkenvironment including one or more access points in communication withone or more devices or stations; and

FIGS. 9B and 9C are block diagrams depicting embodiments of computingdevices useful in connection with the methods and systems describedherein.

The details of various embodiments of the methods and systems are setforth in the accompanying drawings and the description below.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The following IEEE standard(s), including any draft versions of suchstandard(s), are hereby incorporated herein by reference in theirentirety and are made part of the present disclosure for all purposes:IEEE P802.11n™; and IEEE P802.11ac™. Although this disclosure mayreference aspects of these standard(s), the disclosure is in no waylimited by these standard(s).

For purposes of reading the description of the various embodimentsbelow, the following descriptions of the sections of the specificationand their respective contents may be helpful:

-   -   Section A describes embodiments of systems and methods for        providing flexible channel utilization; and    -   Section B describes a network environment and computing        environment which may be useful for practicing embodiments        described herein.

A. Protocols for Flexible Channel Utilization

Devices utilizing the IEEE 802.11 standard protocols (sometimes referredto as “802.11 devices” or “WiFi devices”) typically operate onunlicensed spectrum that is shared with other 802.11 devices in what areoften unplanned deployments. The spectrum may also be shared with otherwireless technologies that operate on this unlicensed spectrum and maybe co-located with the 802.11 device, possibly sharing resources such asantennas or radios. For example, the Bluetooth protocol andLicense-Assisted Access (LAA) on handsets may use these resources. Thespectrum may also be shared with higher priority or “preferential” usersof spectrum that 802.11 devices must detect and defer to, such asmilitary or aviation radar systems. The spectrum may also be inundatedwith noise from electromagnetic emissions that may spectrally overlapwith the current 802.11 channel. For example, as shown in FIG. 1A,interference (including both EM and scheduling interference) experiencedby a wireless device “B” may be a result of other 802.11 devices (e.g.“A”), high priority users such as radar (e.g. “G”), co-locatedcommunications interfaces such as Bluetooth and LAA (e.g. “C”, “D”), aswell as non-802.11 devices that utilize the same spectrum (e.g. “E”,“F”).

As shown in the frequency over time chart of FIG. 1B, in someimplementations, these various interfaces and users may utilize wide ornarrow portions of the spectrum, for periodic intervals or constanttransmissions. To communicate efficiently, a transmitter needs to knowseveral parameters at the receiver, since these parameters arefrequency- and device-dependent and may vary significantly in time. Forexample, the receiver may be constrained to not use certain subbands(e.g., due to an ongoing transmission in that subband close to thereceiver, such as radar usage by “G”); the receiver may be constrainedin how long it can use a currently idle channel (e.g. due to coexistenceconsiderations such as a scheduled transmission from an onboardBluetooth device “C”); the receiver may be constrained in how muchtransmission rate it can support on a channel (e.g., due to channelnoise “E”, “F”); the receiver may not have the necessary resources tosupport reception on some or all channels supported by the transmitterfor some duration into the future (e.g., it may share antennas or otherradio components with a co-located wireless device, such as Bluetooth“D”).

Many factors may thus limit the communication capabilities of a device.Parameters may include the frequencies over which a device cancommunicate, the times at which the device can start communicating, thedurations or times for which the device can communicate, thetransmission rate at which the device can communicate, or other suchparameters, and may be restricted. These restrictions or parameters maybe time-varying and device-dependent depending on the activity of otherusers of the shared spectrum around each device. For example, in oneimplementation, available frequencies may change depending on whetherother 802.11/LAA networks are transmitting. The available time totransmit may depend on how long before a device expects before anothertransmitter begins to transmit (e.g., Bluetooth). The time to begintransmission may depend on how long the device expects the transmissionmedium or channel to be busy. The transmission rate may be limited bythe noise the devices sees on different frequencies.

Instead, the systems and methods described herein provide protocols toenable two 802.11 devices to exchange their dynamically-changing localchannel availability table and form a mutual channel availability tablewith time, frequency and transmission rate domains available. This tablemay be used to make optimum opportunistic use of link resources byadapting packet duration, frequency utilization and transmission rate tochannel conditions. In another aspect, the disclosed systems and methodsenable 802.11 devices to signal that they will be unavailable forreception and/or transmission in some or all the subbands of a channelfor an anticipated duration without impeding the transmissions ofdevices that overhear this signaling. This may be used to pause 802.11transmissions and/or receptions on a device for an anticipated vacationperiod (e.g., the resources on the requesting device are being used byother co-located wireless technologies (e.g., Bluetooth) for a specifiedtime; or frame transmission on the requesting device may be restrictedto avoid interfering with co-located wireless technologies or with other802.11 networks). This protocol permits a device to request specificpause durations without impacting the operation of other 802.11 devices(to which this pause is not intended) that may overhear such a pauserequest. In still another aspect, the disclosed systems and methodsprovide use of a multiuser orthogonal frequency-division multiple access(MU OFDMA) frame format to assign non-contiguous frequencies to a singlestation (STA). Once the receiver signals its readiness to receive, suchframes may encode packets “around” unavailable parts of the spectrumsignaled by the receiver. This may be achieved by assigning thereceiver's STA identifier to all these non-contiguous frequencyassignments. The receiver detects this STA ID repetition and decodesdata on all these frequencies.

FIG. 1C illustrates band availability for the chart of FIG. 1B. In theexample illustrated, device B of FIG. 1A tracks its channel availabilityin each subband. For a static long-term occupant such as G (e.g., aweather radar), device B simply informs its peers that G's subband isunavailable and continues to indicate the availability of other channelswhen the conditions on those channels permit. When queried at time t_1,based on the traffic from devices E, F, and the anticipated traffic fromco-located device C, device B may indicate that all bands except the (E,F)'s subband (and G's subband, as noted above) are available for a timeT_1. In anticipation of co-located device D's operation (which mayconstrain B's operation), device B may indicate the lack of availabilityof all channels for a period T_2 starting at t_2. This may occur eitheras an announcement or as a response to a query from a peer.

Local channel availability tables may be exchanged via any suitablemeans, such as during new management action frame exchanges during orafter connection setup; new control frame exchanges prior to datatransfer; or new control frames sent as a response to a Request-to-Send(RTS) frame. In other implementations, channel availability informationmay be embedded in currently existing frame formats, with fields in suchframe formats repurposed for such an exchange (e.g. the A-control fieldof high throughput (HT) control field when encoding the HE controlfield; the recipient address (RA) field; or any other such field). Insome implementations, multiple of these exchange methods may be used incombination. A device may request a pause in traffic for a specifiedtime (e.g. at T_2 of FIG. 1C) using local channel availability signalingby indicating that no channel is available.

Feedback protocols for channel-related information in 802.11 aretypically restricted to signal-to-noise ratios (SNR) only via CQI(Channel Quality Indicator) feedback (access point (AP)-initiated); orper-band availability only, via BQR (Bandwidth Query Report)poll-response (AP-initiated, per-20 MHz). In some implementations, theseprotocols may be bandwidth limited, e.g. to 20, 40, 80 or 160 MHz only,with dynamic bandwidth RTS/CTS configuration (RTS-sender-initiated), andonly a limited number of bandwidth options can be signaled. In someimplementations, feedback protocols may only provide a recommendedModulation and Coding Scheme (MCS) in frames with a VHT control field(receiver-initiated). Typical implementations of 802.11 may not providesupport for a STA to signal its preferred packet duration, preferredsubbands, and transmission rate all at once to its peers/AP; or for aSTA to use non-contiguous subbands over a channel to communicate with asingle STA.

Similarly, typical implementations of 802.11 may not support “vacationannouncements” from a STA where it will be unavailable for a specifiedtime. Such vacations are unavoidable in the context of wirelesscoexistence. Traditionally the lack of such vacation announcements meantthese vacations are emulated either through a power save announcementfollowed by cancellation, or through bogus CTS frames (to the device'sown address or to a reserved address).

FIG. 1D is an illustration of an implementation of “vacationannouncements” or unavailability advertisements via power saveannouncements. As shown, the power save announcement may be used tobegin an intended vacation time. However, the resulting actual vacationtime is longer: the power-save cancellation announcement, intended toend the vacation time, is subject to medium access delay and contributesto protocol overhead. The time between the announcement and itssubsequent cancellation is not known to the intended recipient of theannouncement. As a result, this recipient (e.g., an AP) responds to apower save announcement by clearing packets addressed to the power savedevice from its packet queues. Therefore, restoring transmissions tothis device after the power save cancellation will be subject to ascheduling delay because such packets are likely to be restored to theend of the queue and will have to wait their turn to be served. Thisoverhead lowers throughput with announcement-cancellation sequences(e.g., when vacation periods are desired to coexist with multipledevices/connections).

FIG. 1E is an illustration of an implementation of “vacationannouncements” or unavailability advertisements via bogus clear to send(CTS) frames sent to the device's own address, preventing transmissionsfrom other STA/APs. As shown, the bogus CTS frame directs other devicesnot to transmit, so as not to interfere with the CTS recipient device,resulting in reduced interference or increased protection for otherdevices. However, any device that overhears this bogus CTS frame (whichit not addressed to itself) will avoid accessing the channel based onthe duration field in the CTS frame (falsely) assuming an impendingtransmission to an 802.11 device. Frequent vacation periods dramaticallyreduce throughput on other links in an 802.11 network. For example, if aco-located Bluetooth device has multiple connections such as a headset,a mouse, a keyboard, etc., or has services that need to runperiodically, e.g., scans/advertisements, these devices may pausecommunications upon receipt of the bogus CTS frame.

Thus, the lack of efficient flexible channel use protocols limits thecapability of 802.11 to coexist with other wireless technologies, forexample during the operation of co-located wireless devices that sharethe same channel/frequency band (e.g., 802.11, Bluetooth and/or LAA onmobile platforms such as smartphones); or during 802.11 operation in thepresence of other networks (e.g., other 802.11, LAA or Bluetoothnetworks). Non-802.11 technologies rely on a master node to synchronizeand assign resources in response to changing channel conditions. Forexample, in Bluetooth AFH, a designated Bluetooth master device changesthe frequency hopping map as needed, over timescales typically muchlonger than individual packet. Similarly, in cellular (LTE/LTE-A/5G)communications, a base station (e.g., eNB) assigns resources tocommunicating peers in a network.

Instead, the systems and methods discussed herein provide adecentralized resource selection protocol between any pair of WLANdevices. This may provide particular advantages for WLAN and Bluetoothcombo chipsets that provide connectivity solutions to mobile platforms(e.g., handsets, watches, tablets), and WLAN chipset products thatprovide access solutions. These systems and methods may also provideimproved simultaneous WLAN and Bluetooth operation, with higher WLANthroughput and lower latency by flexible packet airtime sizing, packettiming and modulation feedback to avoid collisions; and higherthroughput/lower latency Bluetooth connections. The systems and methodsmay also provide improved coexistence with co-located LAA andoverlapping 802.11 networks, with higher 802.11 throughput and lowerlatency by flexible frequency use, packet sizing, packet timing and MCSfeedback. This may be particularly useful in implementations in whichWLAN operation may occur in a dynamic channel, including handsets whereWLAN shares its radio resources with co-located Bluetooth or LAA; andmobile platforms (such as handsets, watches, laptops, tablets) and WLANAPs that operate in spectrally congested environments.

Devices may provide this improved protocol via the exchange of localchannel availability tables (LCATs) that specify a set of frequencysubbands or channels on which each device can receive and/or transmit,and for what time periods. The tables may be exchanged duringhandshaking or other inter-device communications such as whenestablishing communications. For example, when establishing a flexiblechannel utilization (FCU) session, a device may receive an LCAT fromanother device, and compare the received LCAT to its own LCAT toidentify channels or subbands that match (e.g. are both available duringthe same transmission period). The resulting mutually agreed-uponchannel availability table (MCAT) may be utilized to select channels. Insome implementations, the MCAT may not need to be transmitted; rather,each device may transmit its own LCAT to the other device, and mayindividually determine via a local comparison of the LCATs what channelsand times are available for the MCAT. In other implementations, onedevice may serve as a master, and the second device may provide an LCATto the master device, which may perform the comparison and identify theMCAT subbands and times. The master device may then transmit the MCAT tothe slave device.

Each LCAT may store a variety of channel parameters, including preferredfrequency subbands for reception; preferred frequency subbands fortransmission (which may be the same or different as the subbands forreception); duration of the reception preference information (e.g. whatperiods each preferred subband is available); duration of thetransmission preference information; maximum preferred transmissionModulation and Coding Scheme (mcs) and number of spatial streams (nss),potentially on a per-frequency subband resolution; maximum preferredreception mcs and nss, again potentially on a per-frequency subbandresolution, as well as any additional information, such as measurednoise level in each frequency subband, received signal strengthindicators (RSSI), a multibit resolution value for preferred subbands,etc.

In some implementations, a first device acting as an FCU initiator mayrequest an FCU session with an FCU-capable peer by sending its LCAT in arequest frame, as shown in the diagram of FIG. 2A. The responding peermay compare its own LCAT with the initiator's LCAT and, based on thecomparison, either accept or reject the FCU request. If the request isaccepted, then the two devices may act as FCU peers, and communicateaccording to the mutual channel access table (MCAT). Requesting the FCUrequest may include the recipient transmitting its own LCAT to theinitiator peer, such that each peer has a copy of the other's LCAT, andcan independently determine the MCAT. Each set of peers may havedifferent MCATs, and a first device may use a first MCAT for peeringwith a second device, and a second MCAT for peering with a third device.

To construct the MCAT, a device may compare each entry in its LCAT tocorresponding entries in an LCAT received from the other device. Given afirst device A and second device B, preferred frequency subbands fortransmissions from A to B (W_tx_ab) may be determined as theintersection of preferred transmission frequency subbands of A (W_tx_a)and preferred reception frequency subbands of B (W_rx_b). Similarly,preferred frequency subbands for receiving data from B (W_rx_ab) may bedetermined as the intersection of preferred reception frequency subbandsof A (W_rx_a) and preferred transmission frequency subbands of B(W_tx_b). Duration of the preference information for transmissions fromA to B (T_tx_ab) may be determined as the minimum of the duration of thepreference information for transmissions from A (T_tx_a) and theduration of the preference information for reception by B (T_rx_b).Similarly, duration of the preference information for reception from B(T_rx_ab) may be determined as the minimum of the duration of thepreference information for reception by A (T_rx_a) and the duration ofthe preference information for transmissions by B (T_tx_b). Thepreferred modulation and coding scheme for transmissions from A to B(Mcs_tx_ab) may be determined as the minimum preferred modulation andcoding scheme for transmissions from A (Mcs_tx_a) and the minimumpreferred modulation and coding scheme for reception by B (Mcs_rx_b).Similarly, the preferred modulation and coding scheme for receiving datafrom B (Mcs_rx_ab) may be determined as the minimum preferred modulationand coding scheme for reception by A (Mcs_rx_a) and the minimumpreferred modulation and coding scheme for transmissions by B(Mcs_tx_b). The second device may construct similar tables, and due tothe symmetry of transmission and reception parameter calculations, maygenerate corresponding values (e.g. W_tx_ab will equal W_rx_ba, thecorresponding preferred frequency subbands for reception by B from A;etc.). Implementations of coding these values from the table fortransmission are discussed below in connection with FIG. 3A.

The LCATs/MCAT may be dynamically updated in response to changingchannel conditions via exchange of LCATs during management or controlframes. In some implementations, upon determining a change in channelconditions, one device may transmit its (newly updated) LCAT to theother device, and the other device may respond with its own (updated ornot) LCAT so the devices may individually determine MCAT channels andtimes. In other implementations, one device may provide a new proposedMCAT based on a comparison of a previously received (and cached) LCATfrom the other device to a newly updated LCAT of the device. This maypotentially obviate one LCAT exchange, if the second device's LCAT hasnot changed.

Local Channel Availability Table Update Using Management Frames

As discussed above, in some implementations, a STA may update its localchannel availability table (LCAT) in a dynamic environment (e.g., due tobursty interference, regulatory or coexistence considerations), withupdated LCAT entries sent to its frequency/channel (FCU) peers in any ofseveral ways. In one implementation, LCAT updates may be provided via anLCAT update frame. As discussed above, this may be incorporated in theFCU setup exchange, as shown in the implementation of FIG. 2A. Theaddressed STA may respond with its own LCAT entries corresponding tothose that have changed. In some implementations, the update may beincorporated in a frame that is not part of the FCU setup exchange, suchas updating the LCAT after the FCU peer relationship has beenestablished (e.g. after handshaking).

The FCU peer may respond with its own LCAT, using the same options asabove. For example, an LCAT update frame may be an 802.11 managementaction frame, such as an existing management action frame; an existingmanagement frame (e.g., associated request/response, etc.); or in amanagement action frame newly defined for this purpose.

Local Channel Availability Table Update Using Control Frames

In another implementation, LCAT updates may be provided in controlframes. This may better track changing channel conditions, with a frameexchange that precedes data transfer. For example, if a data transferoccurs after an RTS/CTS handshake, LCAT updates may occur prior to orafter the RTS/CTS exchange, as shown in the implementation of FIG. 2B.The LCAT updates may be performed separately (e.g. as an update andacknowledgement plus update pair) as shown in FIG. 2B. In anotherimplementation illustrated in FIG. 2C, the LCAT updates may be providedin response to an RTS notification. The LCAT information may be sent asa new extended control frame subtype or a new control frame type. Toreduce overhead, the virtual CS protection provided by the RTS/CTShandshake may be achieved via the LCAT update handshake by encoding theLCAT in an extended control frame subtype or a new control frame type inthe legacy PPDU format. In a similar implementation shown in FIG. 2D,the LCAT update may replace the RTS notification (e.g. with an exchangeof LCAT followed by an LCAT instead of RTS/CTS). In anotherimplementation, the LCAT update may include an exchange of an RTSfollowed by an LCAT control frame subtype (e.g., LCAT replaces CTS inthe RTS/CTS exchange). Either of these exchanges will reserve the mediumin a manner similar to an RTS/CTS exchange, while reducing overhead.

In some implementations, the LCAT exchange may be defined as a newcontrol subtype and length field, or as an exchange using an actionframe or an association frame (e.g. a proprietary exchange using avendor-specific IE; an existing non-vendor-specific action frame; avendor-specific action frame; or a new action frame defined for thispurpose). Regardless of the frame type containing LCAT, in manyimplementations, the exchange may begin with an RTS message, and theresponse to the RTS notification may be the LCAT-containing frame.

In one implementation, a “generic” control frame subtype may be utilizedfor special purpose control frames that are not defined in 802.11standards. So as to not limit these control actions, the “generic”control frame subtype may have contents can be mutually defined by thedevices at connection time. For example, in one implementation, ageneric subtype may be defined as follows:

-   -   May use one of the reserved subtypes 0-3 of control frames (type        1 MAC frames) in 802.11. The definitions of the other fields        inside the frame control field may remain the same as the        reserved subtype, or may be in addition to those fields;    -   The control frame may contain a duration field; a recipient        address (RA) field for the receiver; and a transmitter address        (TA) field for the sender. In some implementations, the frame        may contain additional fields, such as an indication of the        generic control action (e.g. an indication of the set of        supported control actions, that may be exchanged at association        time or before association); an indication of the length of the        frame body that follows the length field (e.g. to allow variable        length content, and future expandability); and any other        information necessary to execute the control action.        In other implementations, the generic control frame may be        defined as a new control frame extension subtype, with content        as noted above.

The LCAT handshake packets may have the following format, in someimplementations, as shown in FIG. 3A: the LCAT initiator may send itsLCAT request in a generic control frame type where the duration fieldmay contain the proposed channel use time from the LCAT handshakeinitiator; the TA field may contain the initiator's MAC address; the RAfield may contain the responder's MAC address; and the informationprovided in the content field may include the initiator's LCAT table.The LCAT responder may send its LCAT response in a generic control frametype where the duration field may contain the proposed channel use timefrom the LCAT handshake responder (e.g. the duration may correspond tothe amount of time for which the LCAT information is valid, or theduration in the response might be less than the duration in theinitiating frame); the RA field may contain the initiator's MAC address;the TA field may contain the responder's MAC address (though this may beomitted to reduce overhead, since the initiator is awaiting an LCATrequest directed to the responder); and the information provided in thecontent field may include the responder's LCAT table. The tables mayinclude preferred channels (W), durations (T), and MCS schemes, asdiscussed above in connection with FIG. 2A and the protocol description.These values may be concatenated and/or separated by delimiters, in someimplementations. For example, for an LCAT that tracks 20 MHz subbandsover a 160 MHz channel, mcs 0-11, nss 1-8 supported, the field lengthsmay be 8 bits for preferred Tx subbands (e.g. a binary string of10010001 indicating, for example, from lowest to highest frequency, thatbands 140-160 MHz, 60-80 MHz, and 0-20 MHz are preferred; this stringmay be bigendian or littleendian, depending on implementation); 8 bitsfor preferred Rx subbands (e.g. in a similar format as discussed above);7 bits for max. preferred mcs+nss for Tx (e.g. according to the HT MCSIndex values, in one implementation; or split with 4 bits to encode upto 16 MCS schemes (e.g. 0=BPSK 1/2; 1=QPSK 1/2; 2=QPSK 3/4; 3=16-QAM1/2; etc.) and 3 bits to indicate up to 7 spatial streams), or any othersuch coding scheme; and similarly 7 bits for max. preferred mcs+nss forRx, either with HT MCS index encoding or split as discussed above. Thisresults in 30 bits of header data, and may be padded to 32 bites (4bytes) in some implementations. FIG. 3B is an illustration of anegotiation and data transfer procedure with per-packet MCAT utilizingthis protocol.

Embedding LCAT Information in Existing Frame Types

In other implementations, some fields in existing frame formats may beredefined to exchange some or all of LCAT information (assuming FCUpeers can mutually upon such a usage). Some examples of such signalingare described below, along with drawbacks with respect to previouslydiscussed approaches. Note that some of these approaches may be usedtogether.

In a first implementation, the LCAT information may be embedded insidethe RA field. FIG. 4A is an illustration of an implementation of aunicast MAC frame. As shown, a unicast MAC frame in 802.11 may include a6 byte MAC address to signify the Receiver Address (RA); divided into a3-byte organization-specific address (OUI) and a 3-byte device-specificaddress (NIC) (Organizations can own multiple OUI addresses).FCU-capable devices may use MAC addresses with specific mutually-agreedOUI(s) to indicate that not all bytes in the NIC field signal the RA'sNIC. The bits that do not match the peer's NIC specific bits may be usedto encode LCAT information. Some pre-determined NIC specific bits in theRA may match the corresponding bits in the FCU peer's RA (this may beused by the FCU peer to identify frames it is intended to receive, insome implementations). Given that there are only 3 NIC specific bytesavailable, more bits assigned to LCAT will mean fewer bits are availableto match FCU peer's NIC bytes (this may impact the peer's ability touniquely identify its frames).

In a second implementation, the LCAT information may be embedded insidethe scrambler seed. FIG. 4B is an illustration of an implementation of ascrambler seed preceding a payload, and includes 7 random bits. Anon-zero scrambler seed helps the physical layer reduce the probabilityof long sequences of repeated 0s or 1s (which may result in errors). Thechoice of this scrambler seed is pseudo-randomly picked by thetransmitter in many cases for each transmission. Accordingly, in someimplementations, the scrambler seed may be chosen to encode some LCATparameters in a manner that is transparent to the physical layer and anyother device that overhears this communication. The presence of thisinformation in the scrambler seed may be signaled either through adedicated OUI in the RA (per the implementation discussed above) or byother means (e.g. by inverting a bit in the MAC address in the frame toindicate the presence of more information in the scrambler seed).However, the scrambler seed size (7 bits) may limit the useful LCATinformation that may be carried in the scrambler seed field.

Embedding LCAT Information in the Aggregated Control (A-Control) Field

In another implementation, LCAT signaling information may be included inthe 26-bit control information of the aggregated control (A-Control)field. FIG. 5 is an illustration of a MAC frame with the A-Control fieldsubfield highlighted.

In some implementations, such as with an LCAT with 20 MHz segment sizesthat include global MCS/nss preference indicators, the signaling LCATinformation may be included in the 26-bit control field, including:

-   -   an 11-bit duration of Rx preference information in 16 us        resolution (signaling a maximum of 2{circumflex over ( )}11*16        μs, or 32768 μs (e.g. 0×0=16 μs)). The duration of Tx preference        information may be less this duration.    -   an 8-bit subband Rx preference (e.g. one per 20 MHz channel).        Non-availability for the duration signaled above may be signaled        using an all-zero value in the subband availability field. The        Tx subband preference may be a subset of the Rx subband        preference.    -   A 7-bit maximum preferred mcs+nss on each subband

For example, a Rx preference information value of 0b00001010000indicates 80*16 μs, or 128 ms. An 8-bit Rx preference value of0b01110000 (1=indicates availability) indicates that the lowest 20 MHzsubband (MSB) is unavailable; the next 3 consecutive 20 MHz subbands areavailable, and the upper 80 MHz is unavailable (last 4 LSBs are 0s). Amax preferred mcs+nss: 0b0000000 indicates via the 4 MSBs=0b0000=mcs0,and 3 LSBs=0b000=nss1.

In another implementation, illustrated in FIG. 5B, MCS/nss preferencemay be indicated on a per-segment level. For example, given controlinformation of 0b00111101110001101100000000, and a mcs+nss of a currentframe of mcs4nss2. A Rx Preference Duration of 0b001111 indicates15*8+8=128 ms duration. The Common Info Field value of 0b0111 indicatesa common mcs/nss obtained by decreasing (indicated via the MSB of “0”)the current frame's mcs by 0b11 (3 idxs) and nss by 0b1 (1 idx). Sincethe current frame mcs is mcs4nss2, the new common mcs is thereforemcs1nss1. The segment info field value of 0001101100000000 indicates:Seg0 (lower most 20 MHz): 00=unavailable; Seg1: 01: use common mcs;Seg2: 10: use mcs2nss1 (one mcs above common mcs); Seg3: 11: usemcs0nss1 (one mcs above common mcs); and Seg4-7: 00: Upper 80 MHzunavailable.

Physical Layer Frame Format

The physical layer frame preamble in 802.11ax indicates frequencyassignment information, in many implementations. Frequency assignmentmay be measured in terms of the size of a tone block known as a ResourceUnit (RU). Frame formats may be MU (multiuser) or SU (single user).However, typical implementations of these frame formats do not supportnon-contiguous frequency assignment to a single receiver. MU frameformats support at most one RU assignment per STA, with the smallest RUdefined as 26 subcarriers (referred to as “RU26”). The preamble labelseach assigned RU with one or more STAIDs (Multiple STAIDs per RU signifyMU-MIMO transmission). However, assigning multiple RUs to the STA ID isnot allowed.

Accordingly, in some implementations of the signaling protocolsdiscussed herein, multiple RU assignments per STA may be allowed in MUframe formats. For example, this may be achieved by associating a singleSTA ID to more than one RU; or by associating multiple STA IDs to asingle physical receiver so that signaling RU assignments to thesemultiple STAIDs may imply all such RUs need to be decoded at the samephysical receiver.

Similarly, in typical implementations, SU frame formats assign exactlyone of the RU sizes (RU242/RU484/RU996/RU2×996 tones respectively;correspond to approximately 20/40/80/160 MHz respectively) to theintended receiver. In implementations of the protocols discussed herein,this restriction maybe removed, allowing multiple RU sizes to beassigned to a receiver. Additional signaling bits in the preamble of theSU frame may be provided so as to signal these RU assignments.

Thus, a receiver processing an MU frame may look for possible multipleRUs it needs to process. For example, this may be achieved by finding asingle STAID being assigned multiple RUs; or by finding a RUs assignedto multiple STAIDs but meant for a single receiver. Implementations ofthis method utilize additional overhead in signaling multiple STAIDs orSTAID repetitions to assign multiple RUs to the same physical receiver.This approach may be used even when individual RU242 blocks in an MUframe are centered on individual 20 MHz subbands that constitute thefull band channel. Such centering may have the benefit of reducingleakage into/from unused 20 MHz subbands. Signaling such alignment maybe signaled by an additional signaling bit in the preamble, in someimplementations.

To reduce spectrum leakage into unused subbands, some of the occupiedRUs may be moved away from the unused subband boundary. The locations ofthe shifted RUs may be signaled by the transmitter of such tone blocksas part of LCAT exchange. Alternatively, this info may also be signaledby vendor specific management action frames prior to any data transferwith the above-mentioned shifted tone blocks.

As noted above, typical SU frame formats support only a single RUassignment of RU242/484/996/2×996. This restriction may be removed inimplementations of the protocols discussed herein. Additional signalingbits may be necessary in the SU frame preamble to indicate more flexiblefrequency assignments to the intended receiver. For example, an SU framecentered on the channel can have RU assignments at a desired level ofgranularity inside individual subband. These may then be concatenated.For example, in one such implementation, given RU26 granularity, subbandsize=RU242 (approx. 20 MHz), channel bandwidth=80 MHz, there are 9 RU26tone blocks inside an RU242->9-bit tone map; and 4 such RU242 blocksinside an 80 MHz channel and there is a center RU26. The total RU26 toneblocks=9*4+1=37 signaling bits. In another such implementation, givenRU242 granularity, subband size=242, channel bandwidth=80 MHz, there are4 total signaling bits utilized.

The same procedure can be used with the RU242 tone blocks centered onindividual 20 MHz subbands. As discussed above, for MU implementations,such alignment may be indicated by an additional signaling bit in thepreamble. FIG. 6A is an illustration of frequency assignment acrosssubbands, according to one implementation. For forward error correction,different frequencies assigned to a single user may contain multiplePSDUs which are encoded across all or a subset of these assignedfrequencies. There may be one PSDU per RU or a combination of one PSDUper RU and multiple RUs per PSDU. Different RUs may be encoded atdifferent mcs+nss settings.

An example of a frame format channel mapping for a multiple userimplementation is illustrated in FIG. 6B. In the illustrated example,the channel bandwidth is 80 MHz, and the frame format is high efficiency(HE), Multiple User (MU). Multiple RU242 blocks may be assigned to asingle user. A single RU242 block may be assigned either as a singleRU242 block in an OFDM tone map centered on the 80 MHz channel.Alternatively, the assigned RU242 may be contained in a frame that usesan OFDM tone map centered on a 20 MHz subchannel (HE MU or SU) inside an80 MHz channel. In another implementation, two RU242 blocks may beassigned as two contiguous or non-contiguous blocks inside in an OFDMtone map centered on the 80 MHz channel. Two contiguous RU242 blocks maybe signaled as a single RU484 block in such a frame; or the RU484 blockmay be contained in a frame that uses an OFDM tone map centered on a 20MHz subchannel (HE MU or SU) inside an 80 MHz channel. In yet anotherimplementation, three RU 242 blocks may be assigned as an RU484 blockand an RU242 block in an HE MU PPDU that may use the OFDM toneassignment centered on the 80 MHz channel. Alternatively, they may besignaled as 3 RU242 assignments inside such a frame. In still anotherimplementation, 4 RU242 blocks may be assigned in an HE MU PPDU thatuses the OFDM tone assignment centered on the 80 MHz channel.Alternatively, they may be signaled as a single RU996 assignment insidean HE SU or MU frame. An implementation of assignment and signalingmodes are illustrated in FIG. 6C. This may be further extended to 160MHz: 80P occupancy follows 80 MHz maps discussed in the previous slides;any of the 2{circumflex over ( )}4 subband occupancy patterns areallowed in 80S. As a result, the 8 RU242 patterns for 80MHz*2{circumflex over ( )}4 may be expanded to 128 possible RU242allocation patterns in 160 MHz.

As discussed above, channels may be shifted to provide protection and/orreduce leakage into other bands. FIG. 7A illustrates tone shifts thatmay be utilized to reduce leakage of inner RU242 subbands into outer 20MHz subchannels, according to one implementation. Similarly, FIG. 7Billustrates tone shifts that may be utilized to reduce leakage of outerRU242 subbands into inner 20 MHz subchannels, according to oneimplementation.

FIG. 8A is a table of pre-FEC padding values, according to oneimplementation. For example, given 242-tone RU size, and ‘m’ denotingthe number of RU242 blocks, N(SD,m)*(number of data subcarriers)=m*242,and for each m, N(SD,short)=m*60 (for DCM=0). Based on the ‘m’parameter, N_DBPS is modified to m*N_SD*N_BPCS*R*N_SS. The rest of thecalculation for post-FEC padding remains the same as in typicalimplementations. Based on these calculations the number of OFDM symbolswill be known, and fields in L-SIG and HE-SIGA may be calculated asfollows: if 20S is punctured, HE-SIGA BW bits will signal 4 (channelBW=80 MHz) or 6 (channel BW=160 MHz); if 20S is not punctured, but thereis at least one RU242 that is left unassigned, then HE-SIGA BW bits willsignal 5 (channel BW=80 MHz) or 7 (channel BW=160 MHz).

The LDPC tone mapper parameter may be calculated such that N_SD=m*234where ‘m’ is the number of RU242 blocks (e.g. there are 234 data tonesin an 242-tone block), and the tone mapper parameter D_TM is therefore18. For example, for 3×242, N_SD=3*234=702:

d_(t(k), i, n, l, r, u)^(″) = d_(k, i, n, l, r, u)^(′)${t(k)} = \left\{ {\begin{matrix}{{D_{TM}\left( {k\mspace{11mu} {mod}\frac{N_{SD}}{D_{TM}}} \right)} + {\left\lfloor \frac{k \cdot D_{TM}}{N_{SD}} \right\rfloor.}} \\\text{?}\end{matrix}\text{?}\text{indicates text missing or illegible when filed}} \right.$

In addition to the preferred subbands a device may maintain a score foreach subband in the LCAT indicative of the channel availability on thatsubband. This score may vary with time, and may include or may becomputed based on: the maximum MCS/NSS supported on a subband; theduration for which each subband is estimated to be available; and/or thechannel availability and/or interference seen on a subband. The LCAThandshake may involve providing these scores for some or all of thesesubbands to the FCU peer. An FCU peer may use these scores to decide howit may communicate with its FCU peer. For example, it may choose thesubbands, mcs/nss and the duration for which it may communicate with itsFCU peer based on an algorithm that includes the score values.

FIG. 8B is a flow chart illustrating an implementation of determinationof MCAT parameters. As discussed above, in some implementations, eachdevice may share its local LCAT table during handshaking, and mayindependently determine the MCAT from the combination of its local LCATand the shared or remote LCAT from the other device. In otherimplementations, one device may analyze the LCAT parameters and generatethe MCAT table, and may share the MCAT with the other device.

At step 850, a first device may receive a remote LCAT table from asecond device. As discussed above, this may be done during handshaking,or during an update, such as via a management or control update. Thefirst device may also generate or retrieve a local LCAT of the firstdevice (e.g. from a cache).

At step 852, the first device may select a first subband of a pluralityof subbands identified in the LCAT. At step 854, the first device maydetermine if the local LCAT and the remote LCAT include identifiers forthe first subband indicating that the subband is preferred for eachdevice. If so, the subband may be added to the MCAT at step 856. In someimplementations, this may be done in series for each subband, repeatingat step 858 as shown. In other implementations, a string of the localLCAT for preferred channels may be compared against a correspondingstring of the remote LCAT via a bitwise AND (e.g. a string of preferredtransmission channels of the first device compared on a bit for bitbasis to a string indicating preferred reception channels of the seconddevice, and vice versa).

At step 860, the first device may determine if a duration for which thepreferred subbands are valid of its local LCAT table is less than aduration for which the preferred subbands are valid of the remote LCATtable. The first device may determine this, in some implementations, bysubtracting one duration from the other, and determining if theresulting sum is positive or negative (e.g. subtracting the local LCATduration from the remote LCAT duration, and if the result is negative,then the local LCAT duration is greater). The minimum duration of eitherthe local or remote LCAT table may be added to the MCAT at steps 862 or864 as shown.

Similarly, at step 866, the first device may determine if a preferredMCS/NSS index value of the local LCAT table is less than the preferredMCS/NSS index value of the remote LCAT table. As with the duration, theminimum of the local or remote MCS/NSS may be added to the MCAT table atsteps 868 or 870 as shown.

Finally, once the matching subbands and minimum duration and MCS/NSSparameters have been identified, at step 872, the devices maycommunicate in accordance with the FCU table.

Accordingly, the proposed protocols and signaling methods discussedherein provide higher throughput/low latency connections made possibleby optimizing bandwidth, packet size, transmission times, and antennautilization.

B. Computing and Network Environment

Having discussed specific embodiments of the present solution, it may behelpful to describe aspects of the operating environment as well asassociated system components (e.g., hardware elements) in connectionwith the methods and systems described herein. Referring to FIG. 9A, anembodiment of a network environment is depicted. In brief overview, thenetwork environment includes a wireless communication system thatincludes one or more access points 906, one or more wirelesscommunication devices 902 and a network hardware component 992. Thewireless communication devices 902 may for example include laptopcomputers 902, tablets 902, personal computers 902 and/or cellulartelephone devices 902. The details of an embodiment of each wirelesscommunication device and/or access point are described in greater detailwith reference to FIGS. 9B and 9C. The network environment can be an adhoc network environment, an infrastructure wireless network environment,a subnet environment, etc. in one embodiment.

The access points (APs) 906 may be operably coupled to the networkhardware 992 via local area network connections. The network hardware992, which may include a router, gateway, switch, bridge, modem, systemcontroller, appliance, etc., may provide a local area network connectionfor the communication system. Each of the access points 906 may have anassociated antenna or an antenna array to communicate with the wirelesscommunication devices 902 in its area. The wireless communicationdevices 902 may register with a particular access point 906 to receiveservices from the communication system (e.g., via a SU-MIMO or MU-MIMOconfiguration). For direct connections (e.g., point-to-pointcommunications), some wireless communication devices 902 may communicatedirectly via an allocated channel and communications protocol. Some ofthe wireless communication devices 902 may be mobile or relativelystatic with respect to the access point 906.

In some embodiments an access point 906 includes a device or module(including a combination of hardware and software) that allows wirelesscommunication devices 902 to connect to a wired network using Wi-Fi, orother standards. An access point 906 may sometimes be referred to as anwireless access point (WAP). An access point 906 may be configured,designed, and/or built for operating in a wireless local area network(WLAN). An access point 906 may connect to a router (e.g., via a wirednetwork) as a standalone device in some embodiments. In otherembodiments, an access point can be a component of a router. An accesspoint 906 can provide multiple devices 902 access to a network. Anaccess point 906 may, for example, connect to a wired Ethernetconnection and provide wireless connections using radio frequency linksfor other devices 902 to utilize that wired connection. An access point906 may be built and/or configured to support a standard for sending andreceiving data using one or more radio frequencies. Those standards, andthe frequencies they use may be defined by the IEEE (e.g., IEEE 802.11standards). An access point may be configured and/or used to supportpublic Internet hotspots, and/or on an internal network to extend thenetwork's Wi-Fi signal range.

In some embodiments, the access points 906 may be used for (e.g.,in-home or in-building) wireless networks (e.g., IEEE 802.11, Bluetooth,ZigBee, any other type of radio frequency-based network protocol and/orvariations thereof). Each of the wireless communication devices 902 mayinclude a built-in radio and/or is coupled to a radio. Such wirelesscommunication devices 902 and/or access points 906 may operate inaccordance with the various aspects of the disclosure as presentedherein to enhance performance, reduce costs and/or size, and/or enhancebroadband applications. Each wireless communication devices 902 may havethe capacity to function as a client node seeking access to resources(e.g., data, and connection to networked nodes such as servers) via oneor more access points 906.

The network connections may include any type and/or form of network andmay include any of the following: a point-to-point network, a broadcastnetwork, a telecommunications network, a data communication network, acomputer network. The topology of the network may be a bus, star, orring network topology. The network may be of any such network topologyas known to those ordinarily skilled in the art capable of supportingthe operations described herein. In some embodiments, different types ofdata may be transmitted via different protocols. In other embodiments,the same types of data may be transmitted via different protocols.

The communications device(s) 902 and access point(s) 906 may be deployedas and/or executed on any type and form of computing device, such as acomputer, network device or appliance capable of communicating on anytype and form of network and performing the operations described herein.FIGS. 9B and 9C depict block diagrams of a computing device 900 usefulfor practicing an embodiment of the wireless communication devices 902or the access point 906. As shown in FIGS. 9B and 9C, each computingdevice 900 includes a central processing unit 921, and a main memoryunit 922. As shown in FIG. 9B, a computing device 900 may include astorage device 928, an installation device 916, a network interface 918,an I/O controller 923, display devices 924 a-924 n, a keyboard 926 and apointing device 927, such as a mouse. The storage device 928 mayinclude, without limitation, an operating system and/or software. Asshown in FIG. 9C, each computing device 900 may also include additionaloptional elements, such as a memory port 903, a bridge 970, one or moreinput/output devices 930 a-930 n (generally referred to using referencenumeral 930), and a cache memory 940 in communication with the centralprocessing unit 921.

The central processing unit 921 is any logic circuitry that responds toand processes instructions fetched from the main memory unit 922. Inmany embodiments, the central processing unit 921 is provided by amicroprocessor unit, such as: those manufactured by Intel Corporation ofMountain View, Calif.; those manufactured by International BusinessMachines of White Plains, N.Y.; or those manufactured by Advanced MicroDevices of Sunnyvale, Calif. The computing device 900 may be based onany of these processors, or any other processor capable of operating asdescribed herein.

Main memory unit 922 may be one or more memory chips capable of storingdata and allowing any storage location to be directly accessed by themicroprocessor 921, such as any type or variant of Static random-accessmemory (SRAM), Dynamic random-access memory (DRAM), Ferroelectric RAM(FRAM), NAND Flash, NOR Flash and Solid-State Drives (SSD). The mainmemory 922 may be based on any of the above described memory chips, orany other available memory chips capable of operating as describedherein. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 9B, the processor 921communicates with main memory 922 via a system bus 950 (described inmore detail below). FIG. 9C depicts an embodiment of a computing device900 in which the processor communicates directly with main memory 922via a memory port 903. For example, in FIG. 9C the main memory 922 maybe DRDRAM.

FIG. 9C depicts an embodiment in which the main processor 921communicates directly with cache memory 940 via a secondary bus,sometimes referred to as a backside bus. In other embodiments, the mainprocessor 921 communicates with cache memory 940 using the system bus950. Cache memory 940 typically has a faster response time than mainmemory 922 and is provided by, for example, SRAM, BSRAM, or EDRAM. Inthe embodiment shown in FIG. 9C, the processor 921 communicates withvarious I/O devices 930 via a local system bus 950. Various buses may beused to connect the central processing unit 921 to any of the I/Odevices 930, for example, a VESA VL bus, an ISA bus, an EISA bus, aMicroChannel Architecture (MCA) bus, a PCI bus, a PCI-X bus, aPCI-Express bus, or a NuBus. For embodiments in which the I/O device isa video display 924, the processor 921 may use an Advanced Graphics Port(AGP) to communicate with the display 924. FIG. 9C depicts an embodimentof a computer 900 in which the main processor 921 may communicatedirectly with I/O device 930 b, for example via HYPERTRANSPORT, RAPIDIO,or INFINIBAND communications technology. FIG. 9C also depicts anembodiment in which local busses and direct communication are mixed: theprocessor 921 communicates with I/O device 930 a using a localinterconnect bus while communicating with I/O device 930 b directly.

A wide variety of I/O devices 930 a-930 n may be present in thecomputing device 900. Input devices include keyboards, mice, trackpads,trackballs, microphones, dials, touch pads, touch screen, and drawingtablets. Output devices include video displays, speakers, inkjetprinters, laser printers, projectors, and dye-sublimation printers. TheI/O devices may be controlled by an I/O controller 923 as shown in FIG.9B. The I/O controller may control one or more I/O devices such as akeyboard 926 and a pointing device 927, e.g., a mouse or optical pen.Furthermore, an I/O device may also provide storage and/or aninstallation medium 916 for the computing device 900. In still otherembodiments, the computing device 900 may provide USB connections (notshown) to receive handheld USB storage devices such as the USB FlashDrive line of devices manufactured by Twintech Industry, Inc. of LosAlamitos, Calif.

Referring again to FIG. 9B, the computing device 900 may support anysuitable installation device 916, such as a disk drive, a CD-ROM drive,a CD-R/RW drive, a DVD-ROM drive, a flash memory drive, tape drives ofvarious formats, USB device, hard-drive, a network interface, or anyother device suitable for installing software and programs. Thecomputing device 900 may further include a storage device, such as oneor more hard disk drives or redundant arrays of independent disks, forstoring an operating system and other related software, and for storingapplication software programs such as any program or software 920 forimplementing (e.g., configured and/or designed for) the systems andmethods described herein. Optionally, any of the installation devices916 could also be used as the storage device. Additionally, theoperating system and the software can be run from a bootable medium.

Furthermore, the computing device 900 may include a network interface918 to interface to the network 904 through a variety of connectionsincluding, but not limited to, standard telephone lines, LAN or WANlinks (e.g., 802.11, T1, T3, 56 kb, X.25, SNA, DECNET), broadbandconnections (e.g., ISDN, Frame Relay, ATM, Gigabit Ethernet,Ethernet-over-SONET), wireless connections, or some combination of anyor all of the above. Connections can be established using a variety ofcommunication protocols (e.g., TCP/IP, IPX, SPX, NetBIOS, Ethernet,ARCNET, SONET, SDH, Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI), RS232, IEEE802.11, IEEE 802.11a, IEEE 802.11b, IEEE 802.11g, IEEE 802.11n, IEEE802.11ac, IEEE 802.11ad, CDMA, GSM, WiMax and direct asynchronousconnections). In one embodiment, the computing device 900 communicateswith other computing devices 900′ via any type and/or form of gateway ortunneling protocol such as Secure Socket Layer (SSL) or Transport LayerSecurity (TLS). The network interface 918 may include a built-in networkadapter, network interface card, PCMCIA network card, card bus networkadapter, wireless network adapter, USB network adapter, modem, or anyother device suitable for interfacing the computing device 900 to anytype of network capable of communication and performing the operationsdescribed herein.

In some embodiments, the computing device 900 may include or beconnected to one or more display devices 924 a-924 n. As such, any ofthe I/O devices 930 a-930 n and/or the I/O controller 923 may includeany type and/or form of suitable hardware, software, or combination ofhardware and software to support, enable or provide for the connectionand use of the display device(s) 924 a-924 n by the computing device900. For example, the computing device 900 may include any type and/orform of video adapter, video card, driver, and/or library to interface,communicate, connect, or otherwise use the display device(s) 924 a-924n. In one embodiment, a video adapter may include multiple connectors tointerface to the display device(s) 924 a-924 n. In other embodiments,the computing device 900 may include multiple video adapters, with eachvideo adapter connected to the display device(s) 924 a-924 n. In someembodiments, any portion of the operating system of the computing device900 may be configured for using multiple displays 924 a-924 n. Oneordinarily skilled in the art will recognize and appreciate the variousways and embodiments that a computing device 900 may be configured tohave one or more display devices 924 a-924 n.

In further embodiments, an I/O device 930 may be a bridge between thesystem bus 950 and an external communication bus, such as a USB bus, anApple Desktop Bus, an RS-232 serial connection, a SCSI bus, a FireWirebus, a FireWire 800 bus, an Ethernet bus, an AppleTalk bus, a GigabitEthernet bus, an Asynchronous Transfer Mode bus, a FibreChannel bus, aSerial Attached small computer system interface bus, a USB connection,or a HDMI bus.

A computing device 900 of the sort depicted in FIGS. 9B and 9C mayoperate under the control of an operating system, which controlscheduling of tasks and access to system resources. The computing device900 can be running any operating system such as any of the versions ofthe MICROSOFT WINDOWS operating systems, the different releases of theUnix and Linux operating systems, any version of the MAC OS forMacintosh computers, any embedded operating system, any real-timeoperating system, any open source operating system, any proprietaryoperating system, any operating systems for mobile computing devices, orany other operating system capable of running on the computing deviceand performing the operations described herein. Typical operatingsystems include, but are not limited to: Android, produced by GoogleInc.; WINDOWS 7 and 8, produced by Microsoft Corporation of Redmond,Wash.; MAC OS, produced by Apple Computer of Cupertino, Calif.; WebOS,produced by Research In Motion (RIM); OS/2, produced by InternationalBusiness Machines of Armonk, N.Y.; and Linux, a freely-availableoperating system distributed by Caldera Corp. of Salt Lake City, Utah,or any type and/or form of a Unix operating system, among others.

The computer system 900 can be any workstation, telephone, desktopcomputer, laptop or notebook computer, server, handheld computer, mobiletelephone or other portable telecommunications device, media playingdevice, a gaming system, mobile computing device, or any other typeand/or form of computing, telecommunications or media device that iscapable of communication. The computer system 900 has sufficientprocessor power and memory capacity to perform the operations describedherein.

In some embodiments, the computing device 900 may have differentprocessors, operating systems, and input devices consistent with thedevice. For example, in one embodiment, the computing device 900 is asmart phone, mobile device, tablet or personal digital assistant. Instill other embodiments, the computing device 900 is an Android-basedmobile device, an iPhone smart phone manufactured by Apple Computer ofCupertino, Calif., or a Blackberry or WebOS-based handheld device orsmart phone, such as the devices manufactured by Research In MotionLimited. Moreover, the computing device 900 can be any workstation,desktop computer, laptop or notebook computer, server, handheldcomputer, mobile telephone, any other computer, or other form ofcomputing or telecommunications device that is capable of communicationand that has sufficient processor power and memory capacity to performthe operations described herein.

Thus, in one aspect, the present disclosure is directed to a method forflexible channel utilization. The method includes transmitting, by afirst wireless device to a second wireless device, a first local channelavailability table of the first wireless device. The method alsoincludes receiving, by the first wireless device from the secondwireless device, a second local channel availability table of the secondwireless device, transmitted responsive to receipt of the first localchannel availability table of the first wireless device. The method alsoincludes determining, by the first wireless device, transmissionparameters for communications with the second device via the combinedfirst local channel availability table and second local channelavailability table; and communicating data between the first wirelessdevice and second wireless device according to the determinedtransmission parameters from the combined first local channelavailability table and second local channel availability table.

In some implementations, the method includes identifying a firstintersection between a set of preferred transmission channels of thefirst wireless device and a set of preferred reception channels of thesecond wireless device; and a second intersection between a set ofpreferred reception channels of the first wireless device and a set ofpreferred transmission channels of the second wireless device. In someimplementations, the method includes identifying a first minimum of aduration for which a set of preferred transmission channels of thesecond wireless device is valid, and a duration for which a set ofpreferred reception channels of the first wireless device is valid; andidentifying a second minimum of a duration for which a set of preferredreception channels of the second wireless device is valid, and aduration for which a set of preferred transmission channels of the firstwireless device is valid. In some implementations, the method includesidentifying a first minimum of a preferred modulation and coding schemeindex for transmissions of the second wireless device, and a preferredmodulation and coding scheme index for receptions of the first wirelessdevice; and identifying a second minimum of a preferred modulation andcoding scheme index for receptions of the second wireless device, and apreferred modulation and coding scheme index for transmissions of thefirst wireless device.

In some implementations, the method includes transmitting the firstlocal channel availability in the header of a handshaking request. Insome implementations, the method includes subsequently transmitting anupdated local channel availability table of the first wireless device.In a further implementation, the method includes transmitting theupdated local channel availability table of the first wireless device inresponse to a ready-to-send message from the second wireless device. Inanother further implementation, the method includes transmitting theupdated local channel availability table of the first wireless devicevia a control frame.

In some implementations, the method includes calculating, for eachsubband of a plurality of subbands, a score as a function of the maximummodulation and coding scheme and number of spatial streams supported onsaid subband, the duration said subband is estimated to be available,and the channel availability or interference seen on said subband; andtransmitting the plurality of scores for the plurality of subbands tothe second wireless device.

In some implementations, the method includes receiving, by the firstwireless device, an updated local channel access table of the secondwireless device; determining, by the first wireless device, updatedtransmission parameters for communications with the second device viathe combined first local channel availability table and the updatedlocal channel availability table from the second wireless device; andcommunicating data between the first wireless device and second wirelessdevice according to the determined updated transmission parameters fromthe combined first local channel availability table and the updatedlocal channel availability table from the second wireless device.

In another aspect, the present disclosure is directed to a system forflexible channel utilization. The system includes transmission circuitryof a first wireless device configured to transmit a local channelavailability table of the first wireless device to a second wirelessdevice. The system also includes reception circuitry of the firstwireless device configured to receive a second local channelavailability table of the second wireless device, transmitted responsiveto receipt of the first local channel availability table of the firstwireless device. The system also includes comparator circuitryconfigured to determine transmission parameters for communications withthe second device via the combined first local channel availabilitytable and second local channel availability table. The transmissioncircuitry and reception circuitry are configured to communicate databetween the first wireless device and second wireless device accordingto the determined transmission parameters from the combined first localchannel availability table and second local channel availability table.

In some implementations, the comparator circuitry is configured todetermine transmission parameters by identifying a first intersectionbetween a set of preferred transmission channels of the first wirelessdevice and a set of preferred reception channels of the second wirelessdevice; and a second intersection between a set of preferred receptionchannels of the first wireless device and a set of preferredtransmission channels of the second wireless device.

In some implementations, the comparator circuitry is configured todetermine transmission parameters by identifying a first minimum of aduration for which a set of preferred transmission channels of thesecond wireless device is valid, and a duration for which a set ofpreferred reception channels of the first wireless device is valid; andidentifying a second minimum of a duration for which a set of preferredreception channels of the second wireless device is valid, and aduration for which a set of preferred transmission channels of the firstwireless device is valid.

In some implementations, the comparator circuitry is configured todetermine transmission parameters by identifying a first minimum of apreferred modulation and coding scheme index for transmissions of thesecond wireless device, and a preferred modulation and coding schemeindex for receptions of the first wireless device; and identifying asecond minimum of a preferred modulation and coding scheme index forreceptions of the second wireless device, and a preferred modulation andcoding scheme index for transmissions of the first wireless device.

In some implementations, the transmission circuitry is furtherconfigured to transmit the first local channel availability in theheader of a handshaking request. In some implementations, thetransmission circuitry is further configured to subsequently transmit anupdated local channel availability table of the first wireless device.In a further implementation, the transmission circuitry is furtherconfigured to transmit the updated local channel availability table ofthe first wireless device in response to a ready-to-send message fromthe second wireless device. In another further implementation, thetransmission circuitry is further configured to transmit the updatedlocal channel availability table of the first wireless device via acontrol frame.

In some implementations, the system further comprises a processorconfigured to calculate, for each subband of a plurality of subbands, ascore as a function of the maximum modulation and coding scheme andnumber of spatial streams supported on said subband, the duration saidsubband is estimated to be available, and the channel availability orinterference seen on said subband; and the transmission circuitry isfurther configured to transmit the plurality of scores for the pluralityof subbands to the second wireless device.

In some implementations, the reception circuitry is further configuredto receive an updated local channel access table of the second wirelessdevice; and the comparator circuitry is further configured to determineupdated transmission parameters for communications with the seconddevice via the combined first local channel availability table and theupdated local channel availability table from the second wirelessdevice, the updated transmission parameters used for communicating databetween the first wireless device and second wireless device.

Although the disclosure may reference one or more “users”, such “users”may refer to user-associated devices or stations (STAs), for example,consistent with the terms “user” and “multi-user” typically used in thecontext of a multi-user multiple-input and multiple-output (MU-MIMO)environment.

Although examples of communications systems described above may includedevices and APs operating according to an 802.11 standard, it should beunderstood that embodiments of the systems and methods described canoperate according to other standards and use wireless communicationsdevices other than devices configured as devices and APs. For example,multiple-unit communication interfaces associated with cellularnetworks, satellite communications, vehicle communication networks, andother non-802.11 wireless networks can utilize the systems and methodsdescribed herein to achieve improved overall capacity and/or linkquality without departing from the scope of the systems and methodsdescribed herein.

It should be noted that certain passages of this disclosure mayreference terms such as “first” and “second” in connection with devices,mode of operation, transmit chains, antennas, etc., for purposes ofidentifying or differentiating one from another or from others. Theseterms are not intended to merely relate entities (e.g., a first deviceand a second device) temporally or according to a sequence, although insome cases, these entities may include such a relationship. Nor do theseterms limit the number of possible entities (e.g., devices) that mayoperate within a system or environment.

It should be understood that the systems described above may providemultiple ones of any or each of those components and these componentsmay be provided on either a standalone machine or, in some embodiments,on multiple machines in a distributed system. In addition, the systemsand methods described above may be provided as one or morecomputer-readable programs or executable instructions embodied on or inone or more articles of manufacture. The article of manufacture may be afloppy disk, a hard disk, a CD-ROM, a flash memory card, a PROM, a RAM,a ROM, or a magnetic tape. In general, the computer-readable programsmay be implemented in any programming language, such as LISP, PERL, C,C++, C#, PROLOG, or in any byte code language such as JAVA. The softwareprograms or executable instructions may be stored on or in one or morearticles of manufacture as object code.

While the foregoing written description of the methods and systemsenables one of ordinary skill to make and use what is consideredpresently to be the best mode thereof, those of ordinary skill willunderstand and appreciate the existence of variations, combinations, andequivalents of the specific embodiment, method, and examples herein. Thepresent methods and systems should therefore not be limited by the abovedescribed embodiments, methods, and examples, but by all embodiments andmethods within the scope and spirit of the disclosure.

We claim:
 1. A system for flexible channel utilization, comprising:transmission circuitry of a first wireless device configured to transmita local channel availability table of the first wireless device to asecond wireless device; reception circuitry of the first wireless deviceconfigured to receive a second local channel availability table of thesecond wireless device, transmitted responsive to receipt of the firstlocal channel availability table of the first wireless device;comparator circuitry configured to determine transmission parameters forcommunications with the second device via the combined first localchannel availability table and second local channel availability tableby identifying a first intersection between a set of preferredtransmission channels of the first wireless device and a set ofpreferred reception channels of the second wireless device; and a secondintersection between a set of preferred reception channels of the firstwireless device and a set of preferred transmission channels of thesecond wireless device; and wherein the transmission circuitry andreception circuitry are configured to communicate data between the firstwireless device and second wireless device according to the determinedtransmission parameters from the combined first local channelavailability table and second local channel availability table.
 2. Thesystem of claim 1, wherein the transmission circuitry is furtherconfigured to transmit the first local channel availability in theheader of a handshaking request.
 3. The system of claim 1, wherein thetransmission circuitry is further configured to subsequently transmit anupdated local channel availability table of the first wireless device.4. The system of claim 3, wherein the transmission circuitry is furtherconfigured to transmit the updated local channel availability table ofthe first wireless device in response to a ready-to-send message fromthe second wireless device.
 5. The system of claim 3, wherein thetransmission circuitry is further configured to transmit the updatedlocal channel availability table of the first wireless device via acontrol frame.
 6. The system of claim 1, wherein the system furthercomprises a processor configured to calculate, for each subband of aplurality of subbands, a score as a function of the maximum modulationand coding scheme and number of spatial streams supported on saidsubband, the duration said subband is estimated to be available, and thechannel availability or interference seen on said subband; and whereinthe transmission circuitry is further configured to transmit theplurality of scores for the plurality of subbands to the second wirelessdevice.
 7. The system of claim 1, wherein the reception circuitry isfurther configured to receive an updated local channel access table ofthe second wireless device; and wherein the comparator circuitry isfurther configured to determine updated transmission parameters forcommunications with the second device via the combined first localchannel availability table and the updated local channel availabilitytable from the second wireless device, the updated transmissionparameters used for communicating data between the first wireless deviceand second wireless device.
 8. A system for flexible channelutilization, comprising: transmission circuitry of a first wirelessdevice configured to transmit a local channel availability table of thefirst wireless device to a second wireless device; reception circuitryof the first wireless device configured to receive a second localchannel availability table of the second wireless device, transmittedresponsive to receipt of the first local channel availability table ofthe first wireless device; comparator circuitry configured to determinetransmission parameters for communications with the second device viathe combined first local channel availability table and second localchannel availability table by identifying a first minimum of a durationfor which a set of preferred transmission channels of the secondwireless device is valid, and a duration for which a set of preferredreception channels of the first wireless device is valid; andidentifying a second minimum of a duration for which a set of preferredreception channels of the second wireless device is valid, and aduration for which a set of preferred transmission channels of the firstwireless device is valid; and wherein the transmission circuitry andreception circuitry are configured to communicate data between the firstwireless device and second wireless device according to the determinedtransmission parameters from the combined first local channelavailability table and second local channel availability table.
 9. Thesystem of claim 8, wherein the transmission circuitry is furtherconfigured to transmit the first local channel availability in theheader of a handshaking request.
 10. The system of claim 8, wherein thetransmission circuitry is further configured to subsequently transmit anupdated local channel availability table of the first wireless device.11. The system of claim 10, wherein the transmission circuitry isfurther configured to transmit the updated local channel availabilitytable of the first wireless device in response to a ready-to-sendmessage from the second wireless device.
 12. The system of claim 10,wherein the transmission circuitry is further configured to transmit theupdated local channel availability table of the first wireless devicevia a control frame.
 13. The system of claim 8, wherein the systemfurther comprises a processor configured to calculate, for each subbandof a plurality of subbands, a score as a function of the maximummodulation and coding scheme and number of spatial streams supported onsaid subband, the duration said subband is estimated to be available,and the channel availability or interference seen on said subband; andwherein the transmission circuitry is further configured to transmit theplurality of scores for the plurality of subbands to the second wirelessdevice.
 14. The system of claim 8, wherein the reception circuitry isfurther configured to receive an updated local channel access table ofthe second wireless device; and wherein the comparator circuitry isfurther configured to determine updated transmission parameters forcommunications with the second device via the combined first localchannel availability table and the updated local channel availabilitytable from the second wireless device, the updated transmissionparameters used for communicating data between the first wireless deviceand second wireless device.
 15. A system for flexible channelutilization, comprising: transmission circuitry of a first wirelessdevice configured to transmit a local channel availability table of thefirst wireless device to a second wireless device; reception circuitryof the first wireless device configured to receive a second localchannel availability table of the second wireless device, transmittedresponsive to receipt of the first local channel availability table ofthe first wireless device; comparator circuitry configured to determinetransmission parameters for communications with the second device viathe combined first local channel availability table and second localchannel availability table by identifying a first minimum of a preferredmodulation and coding scheme index for transmissions of the secondwireless device, and a preferred modulation and coding scheme index forreceptions of the first wireless device; and identifying a secondminimum of a preferred modulation and coding scheme index for receptionsof the second wireless device, and a preferred modulation and codingscheme index for transmissions of the first wireless device; and whereinthe transmission circuitry and reception circuitry are configured tocommunicate data between the first wireless device and second wirelessdevice according to the determined transmission parameters from thecombined first local channel availability table and second local channelavailability table.
 16. The system of claim 15, wherein the transmissioncircuitry is further configured to transmit the first local channelavailability in the header of a handshaking request.
 17. The system ofclaim 15, wherein the transmission circuitry is further configured tosubsequently transmit an updated local channel availability table of thefirst wireless device.
 18. The system of claim 17, wherein thetransmission circuitry is further configured to transmit the updatedlocal channel availability table of the first wireless device inresponse to a ready-to-send message from the second wireless device. 19.The system of claim 15, wherein the system further comprises a processorconfigured to calculate, for each subband of a plurality of subbands, ascore as a function of the maximum modulation and coding scheme andnumber of spatial streams supported on said subband, the duration saidsubband is estimated to be available, and the channel availability orinterference seen on said subband; and wherein the transmissioncircuitry is further configured to transmit the plurality of scores forthe plurality of subbands to the second wireless device.
 20. The systemof claim 15, wherein the reception circuitry is further configured toreceive an updated local channel access table of the second wirelessdevice; and wherein the comparator circuitry is further configured todetermine updated transmission parameters for communications with thesecond device via the combined first local channel availability tableand the updated local channel availability table from the secondwireless device, the updated transmission parameters used forcommunicating data between the first wireless device and second wirelessdevice.